Enhancing Perovskite Solar Cells’ Stability with Metal Oxide Nano Inks: A Scalable Approach

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have generated tremendous excitement in the renewable energy sector thanks to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), lightweight design, and low manufacturing costs. However, one persistent challenge prevents these devices from achieving large-scale commercialization: Stability.

In this article, we explore why stability is a major barrier, how metal oxide nano inks provide a game-changing solution, and why PINA’s scalable approach is paving the way for next-gen solar manufacturing.

Perovskite Solar Cell Structure

The Stability Problem in Perovskite Solar Cells

Despite efficiencies exceeding 25%, perovskite solar cells degrade rapidly when exposed to:

• Heat

• Moisture

• UV light

• Operational stress (electric fields)

Conventional electron transport layers (ETLs) — such as organic semiconductors (e.g., PCBM, C60) — amplify these problems:

• Organic ETLs: Low durability (<1 year) and expensive add toxicity issues.

The result? Short operational lifetimes that limit real-world adoption.

Metal Oxide Nano Inks: The Stability Solution

Enter metal oxide-based ETLs — specifically Tin Oxide (SnO₂) and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nano inks. These materials are:

• Chemically stable

• UV-resistant

• Moisture-tolerant

• Compatible with low-temperature processes (<150°C)

When printed as ultra-thin films, these inks create robust ETLs that protect the perovskite layer, preventing degradation under harsh conditions.

Why Nano Inks Work Better:

• Dense, defect-free films reduce ion migration — a key cause of perovskite breakdown.

• Excellent energy alignment enhances charge extraction and improves PCE.

• Printable formulations allow roll-to-roll scalability, eliminating bottlenecks in manufacturing.

The Numbers That Matter

Independent and internal testing shows:

• Film durability >10 years under IEC stress test conditions (85°C/85% RH for 1000 hours)

• Ink shelf stability of 12+ months (no agglomeration)

• Cost advantage: $1–10/mL vs $50–$100/mL for organics

• Efficiency gains: 10% higher PCE when replacing PCBM with SnO₂ ETLs

Scalable Manufacturing for the Future

PINA’s ZnO and SnO₂ nano inks are optimized for:

• Roll-to-Roll (R2R) printing

• Inkjet and slot-die coating

• Blade and spray deposition

Combined with low-temperature drying (<150°C), this makes the technology compatible with flexible substrates (PET, PEN), enabling next-gen applications like:

• Flexible solar modules

• Wearable energy systems

• Lightweight building-integrated PV

Beyond Stability: Eco-Friendly and Customizable

Unlike many solvent-based dispersions, PINA’s inks are:

• Water/alcohol-based

• Safe for industrial handling

• Customizable with dopants and surface modifiers for tailored electronic properties.

Conclusion: A Scalable Path to Perovskite Commercialization

Stability is no longer the bottleneck for perovskite solar cells — provided we choose the right materials. With metal oxide nano inks, manufacturers can achieve:

• Long operational lifetimes

• Low-cost, high-volume production

• Compatibility with sustainable manufacturing goals

PINA Creation is at the forefront of this revolution, providing customizable, scalable, and eco-friendly nano inks that bridge the gap from lab to factory